Use the American History Baseline Test Review to study for tomorrow's Baseline Test.
General Review
• Columbus sailed in the name of – Spain
• 1492 – The year that Columbus landed in America
• Why did Columbus call the Native Americans “Indians?”
• Who explored America before Columbus? - Vikings
• Conquistadors – name given to explorers of the New World from Spain
• Montezuma – Aztec ruler / Athahualpa – Inca Ruler
• Why did 90% of Native Americans die after Columbus arrive in America?
• What is the Columbian Exchange?
• Rome, Italy – The center of Catholicism
• Spain – the most powerful empire in the 16th century (1500s)
• Roanoke Island – first English attempt to settle in the New World
• 1607 – Year that Jamestown was founded. What happened to the colonists? Why? What caused the colony to grow afterwards?
• Mayflower Compact – an important step in the development of representative government in America
• List reasons why people left Europe to America (persecution, religious freedom, poverty, tyrant rulers)
• Name the 13 colonies. Who governed them?
• Magna Carta – 1215 signed by King John of England. It provided protection from loss of life, liberty, property, & unjust punishment in England.
• English Bill of Rights – In 1689 William & Mary signed these guaranteeing basic rights to English citizens. How did that affect the colonies?
• Plantations - wealthy Virginians lived in these to export tobacco.
• Triangular trade-route. Africans were sent to America in exchange for – rum, tobacco, sugar, and rice. Raw materials were sent to England to be turned into finished goods.
• French & Indian War – struggle between England and France for control of the world trade, power on the seas, and control of North America. Who lost? – France
• After the French & Indian War, the British were in debt. What did they do about this?
• Quartering Acts – act that required colonial authorities to provide food and shelter to British troops
• Sugar Act – fax on molasses imported from countries outside the British Empire
• Writs of Assistance – documents gave a British official the authority to search any home or business
• Stamp Act – tax was imposed on colonists for any paper documents (i.e. newspapers, playing cards, etc).
• Boston Massacre – encounter between Bostonians and British troops resulted in the deaths of five men. This was exaggerated through political cartoons.
• Boston Tea Party – Boycott of British Tea by the colonists, and the dumping of the tea in the Boston Harbor.
• The idea of linking colonies together, or unifying them, came from the – Iroquois
• Treason – when you are disloyal to your government
• Declaration of Independence – Rights people have, where government get their power, purpose of government, what should be done if a government fails in its obligations, and declared the 13 colonies free of British rule.
• Loyalist – hoped Britain would win the American Revolution
• Patriots – hoped America would win the American Revolution
• Unanimous – means to all have the same opinion
• July 4th 1776 – approval of the Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Jefferson – writer of the Declaration of Independence
• Abigail Adams – constantly reminded her husband, John Adams, about equality for women.
• What came first? Articles of Confederation or Constitution?
• Fear of a too powerful ruler – reasons why the states feared creating a too strong central government after the revolutionary war
• Federalism – form of government that divides the power between a central gov and state governments.
• Name one good thing about the Articles of Confederation
• Preamble – introduction to the Constitution
• Bill of Rights – first 10 amendments to the Constitution
• The Constitution – set of rules and procedures for governing
• Popular Sovereignty – the people decide, by majority rule, what they want.
• Conservative – person who holds on to traditions and is cautious towards change
• Separation of powers – power separated between 3 branches (executive, judicial, legislative)
• Concurrent Powers – powers shared by the state and fed government (enforce laws, establish courts, collect taxes, provide for general welfare)
• Checks & Balances – Each branch holds some control over the other two branches.
• The Alien & Sedition Acts – series of laws to keep foreigners out, and laws that made it illegal for people to speak against the government (John Adams).
• The first chief justice – John Jay, appointed by John Adams
• Marbury vs. Madison case – started the policy of Judicial Review. How did Judicial Review strengthen the court?
• Alexander Hamilton was shot by Aaron Burr. Hamilton was the first secretary of treasury.
• France – country that went into a revolution right after the American revolution
• War of 1812: England controlled Canada and were allies with the natives. Americans were angry about English troops stationed in Canada. The U.S. followed a policy of neutrality since England and France were at war. The US was later dragged into the war.
• The United States won through a naval victory using privateers and frigates.
• The Star Spangled Banner was written during the War of 1812 by Francis Scott Key
• Monroe Doctrine – A speech that president James Monroe gave, which said that efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the USA as an act of aggression
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